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203 lines
5.5 KiB
203 lines
5.5 KiB
6 years ago
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循环优化
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---
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#### 目录
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1. 概述
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2. 循环无关代码外提
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3. 循环展开
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4. 循环判断外提
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5. 循环剥离
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6. 参考
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#### 概述
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在许多应用程序中,循环都扮演着非常重要的角色。为了提升循环的运行效率,研发编译器的工程师提出了不少面向循环的编译优化方式:
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1. 循环无关代码外提
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2. 循环展开
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3. 循环判断外提
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4. 循环剥离
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#### 循环无关代码外提
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所谓的循环无关代码,指的是循环中值不变的表达式。如果能够在不改变程序语义的情况下,将这些循环无关代码提出循环之外,那么程序便可以避免重复执行这些表达式,从而达到性能提升的效果。
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```java
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private void calc(int x, int y, int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += x * y + array[i];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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理想情况下,上面这段代码经过无关代码外提之后,等同于以下代码:
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```java
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private void calc(int x, int y, int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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int length = array.length;
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int t = x * y;
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for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
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sum += t + array[i];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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#### 循环展开
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另外一项非常重要的循环优化是循环展开,它指的是在循环体中重复多次循环迭代,并减少循环次数的编译优化。
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += (i % 2 == 0) ? array[i] : -array[i];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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经过循环展开之后将形成下面的代码:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i += 2) {
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sum += (i % 2 == 0) ? array[i] : -array[i];
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sum += ((i + 1) % 2 == 0) ? array[i + 1] : -array[i + 1];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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不过循环展开的缺点也是显而易见:它可能增加了代码的冗余度,导致所生成的机器码的长度大幅上涨。
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不过随着循环体的增大,优化机会也会不断增加。一旦循环展开能够触发进一步的优化,总体的代码复杂度也将降低。所以以上代码可以进一步优化为:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i += 2) {
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sum += array[i];
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sum += -array[i + 1];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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循环展开有一种特殊情况,那便是完全展开。当循环的数目是固定值而且非常小时,即使编译器会将循环全部展开。
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
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sum += array[i];
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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以上代码会将完全展开为下述代码:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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sum += array[0];
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sum += array[1];
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sum += array[2];
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sum += array[3];
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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即时编译器会在循环体的大小与循环展开次数之间做出权衡。
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#### 循环判断外提
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循环判断外提是指将循环中的 if 语句外提至循环之前,并且在该 if 语句的两个分支中分别放置一份循环代码。
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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if (array.length > 4) {
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sum += array[i];
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}
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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以上代码经过循环判断外提之后,将变成下面代码:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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if (array.length > 4) {
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += array[i];
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}
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} else {
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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}
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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再经过进一步优化变成了:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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if (array.length > 4) {
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += array[i];
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}
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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#### 循环剥离
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循环剥离指的是将循环的前几个迭代或者后几个迭代剥离出循环的优化方式。一般来说,循环的前几个迭代或者后几个迭代都包含特殊处理,通过将这几个特殊的迭代剥离出去,可以使原本的循环体的规律性更加明显,从而触发进一步的优化。
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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int j = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += array[j];
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j = i;
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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经过循环剥离之后,代码可能变成以下:
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```java
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private void calc(int[] array) {
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int sum = 0;
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if (array.length > 0) {
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sum += array[0];
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for (int i = 1; i < array.length; i++) {
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sum += array[i - 1];
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}
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}
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System.out.println(sum);
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}
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```
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事实上,可能并不会有人这样写代码。可以看出,循环剥离就是在不改变程序语义的情况下尽可能的去除掉无关代码,少生成无关变量。
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#### 参考
|
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[循环优化](https://time.geekbang.org/column/article/39814)
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